{"id":3238,"date":"2026-05-18T07:59:15","date_gmt":"2026-05-18T07:59:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/writing-guides-tips\/writing-in-english\/"},"modified":"2026-08-17T18:57:45","modified_gmt":"2026-08-17T18:57:45","slug":"writing-in-english","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/writing-guides-tips\/writing-in-english\/","title":{"rendered":"Writing in English"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4bfce057 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Writing in English<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:500\"><strong><strong>The conventions for writing in English have been coordinated by the University Communications Office in consultation with the Office of the President at Ruhr University Bochum (RUB).<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_1-1024x683.png\" alt=\"Graphic: Illustration for the &quot;Writing in English&quot; website featuring a globe, text documents, speech bubbles, and paper airplanes.\" class=\"wp-image-582\" style=\"aspect-ratio:16\/9;object-fit:contain;width:1200px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_1-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_1-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_1.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 Generated by AI, ChatGPT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-border-color has-ast-global-color-1-border-color is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">First Things First<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-12db50db wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All texts are written in <strong>American English (AE)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We follow the spelling conventions of <strong>Webster\u2019s Dictionary<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>\u2192 Go to Webster&#8217;s Dictionary<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) provides a <strong>glossary of <\/strong>terms commonly used in higher education. Please note that this glossary is written in British English, so the spelling may differ. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www2.daad.de\/medien\/der-daad\/medien-publikationen\/publikationen-pdfs\/higher_education_terminology.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>\u2192 Go to the DAAD Glossary (PDF)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In general, the conventions established by the editorial team for German apply\u2014unless otherwise specified on this &#8220;Writing in English&#8221; page. The <strong>University Communications guidelines for online texts are <\/strong>available on the following webpage: <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2192 <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/writing-guides-tips\/writing-for-the-web\/\"><strong>Visit the website: Writing for the Web (German)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-ec3fe059 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Specific writing conventions of the University Communications Office for <strong>articles in the <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/news.rub.de\/\"><strong>news portal <\/strong><\/a>are summarized here:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2192 <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/services.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/de\/schreiben-fuers-newsportal\"><strong>Visit the website: Writing for the News Portal (German)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-12db50db wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f3c985d4 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">All English conventions<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-fdeaa0c9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size wp-container-content-69bc4bdf wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2192 <\/strong><a href=\"#eigennamen\"><strong>Proper nouns<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size wp-container-content-69bc4bdf wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2192 <a href=\"#titel\">Academic Titles<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size wp-container-content-69bc4bdf wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2192<\/strong> <a href=\"#gro&#xDF;-klein\"><strong>Uppercase &amp; Lowercase<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size wp-container-content-69bc4bdf wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2192 <\/strong><a href=\"#waehrungen\"><strong>Currencies<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size wp-container-content-69bc4bdf wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2192<\/strong> <a href=\"#datum-uhrzeit\"><strong>Date and time<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size wp-container-content-69bc4bdf wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2192 <a href=\"#zahlen\">Numbers<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size wp-container-content-69bc4bdf wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2192<\/strong> <a href=\"#kontakte\"><strong>Contact Information<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size wp-container-content-69bc4bdf wp-block-paragraph\"> <strong> \u2192 <\/strong><a href=\"#rede\"><strong>Direct speech<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size wp-container-content-69bc4bdf wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2192 <\/strong><a href=\"#plural\"><strong>Plural Words<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size wp-container-content-69bc4bdf wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2192 <a href=\"#ae-be\">Differences: <\/a><\/strong><br\/><strong><a href=\"#ae-be\">British and American English<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-fdeaa0c9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Eigennamen-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-914\" srcset=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Eigennamen-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Eigennamen-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Eigennamen-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Eigennamen.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 Generated by AI, ChatGPT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"eigennamen\">Proper nouns<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f3c985d4 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If there is an <strong>English equivalent<\/strong> for a proper noun, that equivalent is used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-82b3bd00 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">English equivalent of \u201cDeutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><strong>German Academic Exchange Service<\/strong> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In English texts, one should therefore avoid using the German abbreviation of a proper noun (for example, DAAD).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the abbreviation is absolutely necessary, the German proper noun should be mentioned at the point where the abbreviation is first introduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the <strong>German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst \u2013 DAAD)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">German Proper Names in English Texts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If a German proper noun is used in an English text, it is not placed in quotation marks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An exception is longer terms\u2014such as project titles\u2014that make the text difficult to read. As a general rule, an English translation should be used whenever possible. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>Collaborative Research Center \u201cPower and Dominance\u2014Premodern Configurations from a Transcultural Perspective\u201d<\/strong> is &#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">British Proper Nouns in Texts Written in American English<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The British spelling of proper nouns is <strong>retained<\/strong>, even if this results in inconsistencies in the spelling of certain words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Welcome Center<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-1&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-1-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-1\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Don&#8217;ts<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-1\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-1-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><strong>Incorrect spelling:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><em>Welcome Center<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Even though the word &#8220;center&#8221; is spelled with the ending &#8220;-er&#8221; in U.S. English, the spelling of the proper noun is retained.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Proper name of Ruhr University Bochum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In English texts, the proper name of Ruhr University Bochum is written as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\" class=\"wp-block-list has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0;margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">Ruhr University Bochum<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When using the acronym, it is recommended that, whenever possible, the first two letters be set in bold in the running text:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\" class=\"wp-block-list has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0;margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><strong>RUB<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In English texts where the location of Ruhr University Bochum is not otherwise specified, we recommend including the note \u201cGermany\u201d the first time it is mentioned:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\" class=\"wp-block-list has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0;margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">Ruhr University Bochum, Germany<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-2&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-2-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-2\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Don&#8217;ts<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-2\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-2-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel has-ast-global-color-4-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><strong>Invalid spellings of the proper noun in English<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Use of Abbreviations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-bottom:0;margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><em>University of Bochum<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Use of the article &#8220;the&#8221;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><em>Ruhr University Bochum<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Use of the German proper noun:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><em>Researchers at &#8220;Ruhr University Bochum&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Use of Hyphens:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><em>Ruhr University Bochum<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Use of Points:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><em>Ruhr University Bochum<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Articles before the proper names of universities<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The article <\/strong>&#8220;the&#8221; is <strong>not <\/strong>used before &#8220;Ruhr University Bochum.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the article is required when <strong>a university\u2019s name<\/strong> is followed <strong>by \u201cof\u201d<\/strong> to make it clear that the university is located in a specific city.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The university <\/strong>in Bochum is called Ruhr University Bochum.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ruhr University Bochum is one of the largest universities \u2026<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ruhr University Bochum and Stanford University have begun a collaboration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-3&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-3-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-3\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Don&#8217;ts<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-3\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-3-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Invalid spellings:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>The Ruhr University Bochum is one of the largest universities \u2026<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>The RUB and Stanford University have launched a collaboration.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>The University of Bochum is called Ruhr University Bochum.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-fdeaa0c9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"titel\">Academic Titles<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Akademische-Titel-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-917\" srcset=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Akademische-Titel-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Akademische-Titel-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Akademische-Titel-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Akademische-Titel.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 Generated by AI, ChatGPT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f3c985d4 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As in German texts, academic titles are listed only <strong>starting with the doctoral degree and above<\/strong> (i.e., no Dipl. Ing., M.A., or B.A.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In American English, abbreviated <strong>academic titles and forms of address<\/strong> are written <strong>with a period<\/strong>, as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dr. Doe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-4&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-4-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-4\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Don&#8217;ts<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-4\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-4-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><strong>Incorrect spelling:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><em>Dr. John Doe<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abbreviations are used in <strong>lists, tables, and contact information<\/strong>. Commonly used abbreviations include: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mr.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mrs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prof. Dr.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Priv.-Doz.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assistant Professor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In English prose, the titles Jun.-Prof., Prof. Dr., and Priv.-Doz. are written out as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prof. Dr. \u2192 Professor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jun.-Prof. \u2192 Junior Professor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Priv.-Doz. \u2192 Associate Professor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If a person has only a doctoral degree, the abbreviated form is retained even in running text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dr. Erik Mustermann has received the award &#8230;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Professor Max Mustermann has received the award \u2026<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Associate Professor Max Mustermann has received the award \u2026<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assistant Professor Max Mustermann has received the award \u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-fdeaa0c9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Gross-klein-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-881\" srcset=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Gross-klein-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Gross-klein-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Gross-klein-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Gross-klein.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 Generated by AI, ChatGPT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"gro&#xDF;-klein\">Upper- and lowercase letters<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f3c985d4 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In Titles and Headings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In titles and headings, as well as in book titles or project titles, the first and last words, as well as <strong>all major words<\/strong>, are <strong>capitalized.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, \u201ca,\u201d \u201cthe,\u201d \u201cto,\u201d \u201can,\u201d \u201cfor,\u201d \u201cand,\u201d \u201cor,\u201d and prepositions are written in lowercase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Individual Silver Nanoparticles Observed in Real Time<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Youth Language: What Young People Are Saying<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The World of Adventure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-5&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-5-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-5\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Don&#8217;ts<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-5\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-5-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><strong>Non-recommended spelling:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><em><em>Individual silver nanoparticles observed in real time<\/em><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">After colons<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When capitalizing after a colon, we follow the so-called APA Style. Capitalization is used only when a <strong>proper noun or a complete sentence follows<\/strong> the colon\u2014just as in German.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2192 More about APA Style<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The project involves people from three disciplines: information technology, social sciences, and economics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The result: Group A performed better than study group B.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The following countries participated: Canada, Germany, \u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One exception is <strong>direct speech<\/strong>, which can be introduced by a colon, after which the text always begins with a capital letter\u2014regardless of whether a complete sentence is quoted or not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>She said, \u201cWe studied abroad.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He said, \u201cNone of my business.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Proper Names of Institutions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Proper names of institutions are capitalized, but the disciplines themselves are not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In the Department of Physics, students have \u2026<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>She studied physics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-fdeaa0c9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"waehrungen\">Currencies<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Waehrungen-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-918\" srcset=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Waehrungen-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Waehrungen-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Waehrungen-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Waehrungen.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 Generated by AI, ChatGPT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1175caca wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We list amounts in <strong>euros or U.S. dollars<\/strong>. The currency is <strong>written <\/strong>in the <strong>plural form <\/strong>if the amount is 2 or more. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They received 1 million euros in funding.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They received 1.5 million U.S. dollars in funding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-6&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-6-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-6\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Don&#8217;ts<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-6\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-6-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><strong>Non-recommended spelling:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0\">Capitalization of the currency:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\"><em>They received 1 million euros in funding.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-fdeaa0c9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Datum-Uhrzeit-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-883\" srcset=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Datum-Uhrzeit-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Datum-Uhrzeit-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Datum-Uhrzeit-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Datum-Uhrzeit.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 Generated by AI, ChatGPT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"datum-uhrzeit\">Date &amp; Time<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1175caca wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dates<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We write the date in the following format:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>May 1, 1998<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On November 20, 2018<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-7&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-7-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-7\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Don&#8217;ts<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-7\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-7-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><strong>Non-recommended spelling:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0\"><em>May 1, 1998<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0\"><em>May<sup>1<\/sup>, 1998<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Times<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In English texts, times are expressed using <strong>the 12-hour clock<\/strong>. As in German, leading zeros are omitted, and periods are used instead of colons. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>From 9 to 11 a.m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>From 6:30 to 8 p.m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From-to information<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <strong>running text <\/strong>, we <strong>write <\/strong>&#8220;from-to&#8221; dates using &#8220;to&#8221;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1998 to 1999<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-8&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-8-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-8\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Don&#8217;ts<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-8\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-8-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><strong>Spelling not recommended in running text:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0\">Use of the Hyphen<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0\"><em>1998-1999<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <strong>lists <\/strong>, &#8220;from-to&#8221; entries <strong>can <\/strong>be abbreviated. In this case, the word &#8220;to&#8221; is <strong>replaced <\/strong>by a <strong>hyphen <\/strong>that is not surrounded by spaces. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1998\u20131999, 9\u201311 a.m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-border-color has-ast-global-color-1-border-color is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Spelling in German<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Note:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The English typography for time periods in lists differs from that in German. In German, a dash is used here: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1998\u20131999, 9:00\u201311:00 a.m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/writing-guides-tips\/writing-for-the-web\/#Zahlen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/anleitungen-tipps-zum-schreiben\/schreiben-fuers-web\/#Zahlen\">See also: Writing for the Web (German)<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-fdeaa0c9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"zahlen\">Numbers<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Zahlen-1-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-915\" srcset=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Zahlen-1-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Zahlen-1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Zahlen-1-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Zahlen-1.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 Generated by AI, ChatGPT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1175caca wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same <a href=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/writing-guides-tips\/writing-for-the-web\/#Zahlen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/?page_id=646#Zahlen\">basic rules apply as in German<\/a>, but in English, only the numbers one through nine are written out in words. Numbers 10 and above are written as numerals. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The nine-year-old boy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The 10-year-old girl<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thousands are separated by commas, and decimal places by periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1,000 people<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>11.34 euros<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>12,523.90 U.S. dollars<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-border-color has-ast-global-color-1-border-color is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-horizontal is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4b70e426 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Spelling in German<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The English notation for thousands and decimals is exactly the opposite of the German rule, according to which thousands are separated by periods and decimals by commas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples from Germany:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1,000 people<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>11.34 euros<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>$12,523.90<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/writing-guides-tips\/writing-for-the-web\/#Zahlen\">See also: Writing for the Web (German)<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ordinal Numbers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The suffix \u201cth\u201d in English ordinal numbers is written as a superscript.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Her<sup>25th birthday <\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-9&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-9-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-9\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Don&#8217;ts<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-9\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-9-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><em><em>Her 25th birthday<\/em><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-fdeaa0c9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Kontaktangaben-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-920\" srcset=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Kontaktangaben-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Kontaktangaben-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Kontaktangaben-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Kontaktangaben.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 Generated by AI, ChatGPT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"kontakte\">Contact Information<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1175caca wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phone numbers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In English texts, phone numbers are written <strong>with<\/strong> the <strong>country code preceded by a &#8220;+&#8221;<\/strong>. Parentheses are not included in the numbers because they would then no longer be clickable on mobile devices. The word &#8220;Phone&#8221; may be placed before the number\u2014but not &#8220;Tel.:&#8221;.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Groups of digits, such as the area code, are separated by spaces. This allows users to tap the numbers on their smartphones. We therefore format phone numbers as <strong>links<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Phone: <a href=\"tel:+49 234 32 00000\">+49 234 32 00000<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-10&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-10-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-10\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Don&#8217;ts<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-10\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-10-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><strong>Spelling variations not recommended:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0\"><em>Phone: +49 234 32 00000<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0\"><em>+49 (0)234 32-00000<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-fdeaa0c9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"rede\">Direct Speech<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Woertliche-Rede-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-922\" srcset=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Woertliche-Rede-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Woertliche-Rede-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Woertliche-Rede-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Woertliche-Rede.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 Generated by AI, ChatGPT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f3c985d4 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Punctuation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Quotation marks for <\/strong>direct speech in English can be created using the keyboard shortcuts Alt+0147 and Alt+0148 (\u201c\u201d). Straight quotation marks (<tt>\"<\/tt>) are typographically incorrect. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Punctuation marks are <\/strong>placed before the closing quotation mark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cWe have just started the project,\u201d the professor said.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-11&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-11-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-11\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Don&#8217;ts<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-11\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-11-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><strong>Incorrect spellings:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0\">Punctuation after the closing quotation marks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0\"><em><em>\u201cWe have just started the project,\u201d the professor said<\/em><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0\">Straight quotation marks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0\"><em><tt>\"<\/tt>We have just started the project,<tt>\"<\/tt> the professor said.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-fdeaa0c9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Pluralwoerter-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-942\" srcset=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Pluralwoerter-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Pluralwoerter-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Pluralwoerter-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Pluralwoerter.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 Generated by AI, ChatGPT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"plural\">Plural Words<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1175caca wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plural nouns should be <strong>used <\/strong>with <strong>singular verbs <\/strong>when, for example, the focus is on the team&#8217;s performance\u2014rather than that of individuals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The team has demonstrated \u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-12&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-12-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-12\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Don&#8217;ts<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-12\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-12-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0\"><em><em>The team has demonstrated &#8230;<\/em><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-fdeaa0c9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ae-be\">Common Differences Between British and American English<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Unterschiede-BE-AE-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-924\" srcset=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Unterschiede-BE-AE-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Unterschiede-BE-AE-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Unterschiede-BE-AE-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Schreiben-auf-Englisch_Unterschiede-BE-AE.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 Generated by AI, ChatGPT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9cb2c61b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1175caca wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Suffix -ise\/-ize<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If both spellings are possible, we choose the <strong>version with a \u201cz<\/strong>, <strong>\u201d<\/strong> which is consistent with American English:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\" class=\"wp-block-list has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0;margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">&#8220;<strong>optimize<\/strong>&#8221; instead of &#8220;optimise&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-border-color has-ast-global-color-1-border-color is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Note<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are some words that must be spelled with an &#8220;s.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>advertise<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Webster&#8217;s Dictionary<\/a><\/strong> you can look up the American spelling.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Suffix -our\/-or<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In American English, many words that end in -our in British English are spelled with <strong>-or<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>color<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>behavior<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>neighbor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-13&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-13-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-13\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Spelling in British English<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-13\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-13-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><em>color<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><em>behavior<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><em>neighbor<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">-re\/-er ending<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In American English, many words that end in -re in British English are <strong> spelled <\/strong>with <strong>-er <\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>center<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>meter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-14&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-14-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" id=\"accordion-item-14\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Spelling in British English<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-14\" data-wp-bind--hidden=\"state.isHidden\" data-wp-on--beforematch=\"actions.handleBeforeMatch\" id=\"accordion-item-14-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\"><em>center<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\"><em>meter<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-right is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-63861ea6 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Writing Guides &amp; Tips<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-b192c3d7 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-4-color has-ast-global-color-0-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/writing-guides-tips\/\">\u2192 All Tips &amp; Advice<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Writing in English The conventions for writing in English have been coordinated by the University Communications Office in consultation with [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"parent":2727,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3238","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3238","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3238"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3238\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3240,"href":"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3238\/revisions\/3240"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2727"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/markenportal.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3238"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}